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Contents
  1. 1. 什么是apt-cache
    1. 1.1. pkgnames-查询安装包名
    2. 1.2. search-搜索软件包信息*
    3. 1.3. show-查询包的详细信息*
    4. 1.4. policy/madison-列出软件包的所有版本*
    5. 1.5. showpkg-查询依赖信息
    6. 1.6. stats-查询cache的统计信息
  2. 2. apt-get命令
    1. 2.1. 使用通配符安装
    2. 2.2. 安装软件包的特定版本
    3. 2.3. clean-清除缓存的包
    4. 2.4. changelog-更新日志*

　　本方介绍如何在Debian/Ubuntu系统中快速地使用apt工具安装、卸载和查询软件包。

什么是apt-cache

　　这个命对搜索软件包缓存非常有用，简单地说，它就是用来搜索和收集软件包信息，查找可安装包的。 下面介绍5个基本命令

pkgnames-查询安装包名

　　如果要显示所有可安装包信息，可以用以下命令

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$ sudo apt-cache pkgnames
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account-plugin-yahoojp
ceph-fuse
dvd+rw-tools
e3
gnome-commander-data
grub-gfxpayload-lists
gweled
libannotation-indexer-java-doc
libboost-timer-dev
libdune-istl-dev
……

　　如果是想列出所有以关键字开头的包，可以使用

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$ sudo apt-cache pkgnames openssh
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openssh-known-hosts
openssh-blacklist
openssh-server
openssh-sftp-server
openssh-client
openssh-blacklist-extra

search-搜索软件包信息*

　　使用search命令可以方便地查询关键字匹配的软件包，并打印简介信息，例如如果想找vsftpd相关的包，你可以输入：

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$ sudo apt-cache search vsftp

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vsftpd - lightweight, efficient FTP server written for security
vsftpd-dbg - lightweight, efficient FTP server written for security (debug)
ccze - A robust, modular log coloriser
ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server
yasat - simple stupid audit tool

show-查询包的详细信息*

　　如果想查询包的版本、检验和、大小、安装大小和类别等信息，可以使用show子命令：

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$ sudo apt-cache show rabbitmq-server
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Package: rabbitmq-server
Priority: extra
Section: net
Installed-Size: 4935
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: PKG OpenStack <openstack-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Architecture: all
Version: 3.4.3-2
Depends: adduser, erlang-nox (>= 1:13.b.3) | esl-erlang, logrotate, init-system-helpers (>= 1.18~)
Filename: pool/main/r/rabbitmq-server/rabbitmq-server_3.4.3-2_all.deb
Size: 4114518
MD5sum: fb7d7bd912fadcb935892fd5ae82f475
SHA1: 7d86db6d82b11ff2ba8101adf2898d3f496ef21b
SHA256: 54910af6bfdd9962df2e1c212d703f3f54c5f974b897ff66441c5f9bfd0c0fdc
Description-en: AMQP server written in Erlang
 RabbitMQ is an implementation of AMQP, the emerging standard for high
 performance enterprise messaging. The RabbitMQ server is a robust and
 scalable implementation of an AMQP broker.
Description-md5: 78e91bfb996ee4ae5d16c93298f5f6e8
Homepage: http://www.rabbitmq.com/
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Origin: Ubuntu
Supported: 9m

policy/madison-列出软件包的所有版本*

policy

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$ apt-cache policy wireshark
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wireshark:
  Installed: 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1
  Candidate: 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1
  Version table:
 *** 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1 0
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid-updates/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid-security/universe amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     1.12.1+g01b65bf-4 0
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid/universe amd64 Packages

madison

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$ apt-cache madison wireshark
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wireshark | 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid-updates/universe amd64 Packages
wireshark | 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid-security/universe amd64 Packages
wireshark | 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid/universe amd64 Packages
wireshark | 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid/universe Sources
wireshark | 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid-updates/universe Sources
wireshark | 1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1 | http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ vivid-security/universe Sources

showpkg-查询依赖信息

　　使用showpkg子命令可以查询依赖包信息，哪些尚未安装等：

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$ sudo apt-cache showpkg iotop
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Package: iotop
Versions: 
0.6-1 (/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_vivid_universe_binary-amd64_Packages)
 Description Language: 
                 File: /var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_vivid_universe_binary-amd64_Packages
                  MD5: c4f12688909987c39522befde2f1ee20
 Description Language: en
                 File: /var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_vivid_universe_i18n_Translation-en
                  MD5: c4f12688909987c39522befde2f1ee20
Reverse Depends: 
  iotop:i386,iotop
  util-vserver,iotop
  ubuntu-benchmark-tools,iotop
Dependencies: 
0.6-1 - python (2 2.7.1-0ubuntu2) python (3 2.8) iotop:i386 (0 (null)) 
Provides: 
0.6-1 - 
Reverse Provides:

stats-查询cache的统计信息

　　此命令会显示cache的总体统计信息：

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$ sudo apt-cache stats
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Total package names: 63279 (1,266 k)
Total package structures: 106443 (5,961 k)
  Normal packages: 73921
  Pure virtual packages: 1123
  Single virtual packages: 9439
  Mixed virtual packages: 1911
  Missing: 20049
Total distinct versions: 77815 (5,603 k)
Total distinct descriptions: 97792 (2,347 k)
Total dependencies: 594886 (16.7 M)
Total ver/file relations: 81336 (1,952 k)
Total Desc/File relations: 97792 (2,347 k)
Total Provides mappings: 16719 (334 k)
Total globbed strings: 171 (2,179 )
Total dependency version space: 2,810 k
Total slack space: 37.1 k
Total space accounted for: 30.5 M

apt-get命令

　　关于基本的install update就不介绍了，补充一些不一定每个人都知道的。

使用通配符安装

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sudo apt-get install "*name*"

安装软件包的特定版本

　　有时因为特殊原因需要安装较早版本的软件包，这时可以先使用apt-cache madison|policy name，来获取所有可安装版本，再使用以下命令安装特定版本：

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sudo apt-get install vsftpd=2.3.5-3ubuntu1

clean-清除缓存的包

　　硬盘空间告急时可以使用此命令释放一定空间

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sudo apt-get clean

changelog-更新日志*

　　此命令也可以用来查询历史版本信息，例如：

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$ sudo apt-get changelog wireshark

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wireshark (1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1build0.15.04.1) vivid-security; urgency=medium
  * fake sync from Debian
 -- Steve Beattie <sbeattie@ubuntu.com>  Wed, 03 Jun 2015 12:55:00 -0700
wireshark (1.12.1+g01b65bf-4+deb8u1) jessie-security; urgency=high
  * security fixes from Wireshark 1.12.5:
    - The LBMR dissector could go into an infinite loop (CVE-2015-3809)
    - The WebSocket dissector could recurse excessively (CVE-2015-3810)
    - The WCP dissector could crash while decompressing data (CVE-2015-3811)
    - The X11 dissector could leak memory (CVE-2015-3812)
    - The packet reassembly code could leak memory (CVE-2015-3813)
    - The IEEE 802.11 dissector could go into an infinite loop (CVE-2015-3814)
    - The Android Logcat file parser could crash. Discovered by Hanno Böck.
      (CVE-2015-3815)
 -- Balint Reczey <balint@balintreczey.hu>  Mon, 25 May 2015 21:48:45 +0200
wireshark (1.12.1+g01b65bf-4) unstable; urgency=high
  * security fixes from Wireshark 1.12.4 (Closes: #780372):
……
Contents
  1. 1. 什么是apt-cache
    1. 1.1. pkgnames-查询安装包名
    2. 1.2. search-搜索软件包信息*
    3. 1.3. show-查询包的详细信息*
    4. 1.4. policy/madison-列出软件包的所有版本*
    5. 1.5. showpkg-查询依赖信息
    6. 1.6. stats-查询cache的统计信息
  2. 2. apt-get命令
    1. 2.1. 使用通配符安装
    2. 2.2. 安装软件包的特定版本
    3. 2.3. clean-清除缓存的包
    4. 2.4. changelog-更新日志*